Managed devices need to reach Intune, Entra ID, the platform push notification services and content delivery networks. Corporate proxies and firewalls are the most common cause of "the device just stopped checking in".
If your firewall can't use domain names, Intune publishes IP ranges, and its Azure Front Door ranges are in the Azure service tags download under AzureFrontDoor.MicrosoftSecurity.
Win32 apps and scripts (Intune Management Extension)
Region-specific CDNs under manage.microsoft.com, such as imeswda-afd-primary.manage.microsoft.com for North America, plus *.trouter.communications.svc.cloud.microsoft
Find your region in Tenant administration > Tenant details > Tenant location. Proxies must allow HTTP partial responses (byte ranges).
Win32 app content
swd*-mscdn.manage.microsoft.com; aam-content-cdn.manage.microsoft.com for Enterprise App Catalog apps
TCP 80, 443
Push notifications (WNS)
*.notify.windows.com, *.wns.windows.com
TCP 443. Without WNS, remote actions and immediate syncs wait for the next scheduled check-in.
Don't inspect Intune, Entra ID or push notification traffic. Many management channels use certificate-based authentication that breaks when a proxy re-signs the traffic. Add the endpoints above to your TLS inspection bypass list.
No proxy authentication for system traffic. MDM and agent traffic runs as the system, not the user, and can't answer an authentication prompt.
Allow byte-range requests for app content and Delivery Optimization.
Remote and home users need direct internet access to these endpoints or a VPN split tunnel that includes them, or devices only check in when they're in the office.